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Visit Park Howard Art Gallery and Museum, featuring the town's history and a large collection of Llanelli pottery. The Pennant Sandstone is widely used as a building stone. In 1906 the owner was Charles Bankes Davies. After their deaths, erected the Ordovician system again named for an dating carmarthenshire tribe of northwest Wales, theto account for the sequence of rocks at the heart of the controversy. We aim to enable love, dating, friendship and romance by matchmaking in a safe, fun, online dating environment. There are restricted occurrences of Devonian rocks on too. An example of improvement can be the introduction of the guarantee program as a part of our VIP Club membership. Llanelliis within the broader area ofCarmarthenshirethathas a population of 150800 and 50% of these are single: 54% female singles and 46% male singles. Famous as a prime childhood holiday retreat of the world-renowned poet Dylan Thomas 1914—1953it became immortalised in one of dating carmarthenshire best-known poems. Instead, enjoy getting to know someone through our secure messaging system. A road is a thoroughfareroute, or way on land between two places that has been responsible or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyanceincluding a motor vehiclecart, bicycle, or horse.
The geology of Wales is complex and varied; its study has been of considerable historical significance in the development of. All from the late to the are represented at outcrops, whilst younger occur beneath the seas immediately off the Welsh coast. The effects of two mountain-building episodes have left their mark in the and of much of the rock sequence. Wales' modern character derives in substantial part from the exploitation of its diverse mineral wealth; in , in the and in and mid Wales, to name but three. Wales' geology influences farming practices and building stone choices but also planning of developments which must take into account ground stability and liability to flooding - which an appreciation of the geology can help deal with. Geology of Wales and South West England; map has a written record of geological interest going back to the 12th century when noted pyritous near. Some of the first published representations of were those of fossil plants taken from near Gibson late 17th century. In the mid-19th century, two prominent geologists, and used their studies of the geology of Wales to establish certain principles of and. They did fundamental work on the but are remembered more for their work on the lower sequence. It was Sedgwick who established the system and Murchison first described the , naming it for the ancient tribe which occupied mid Wales. An overlap between the two systems as mapped led eventually to protracted dispute between the two erstwhile collaborators. After their deaths, erected the Ordovician system again named for an ancient tribe of northwest Wales, the , to account for the sequence of rocks at the heart of the controversy. More recently two locations in mid Wales have been selected to globally define stages of the Silurian period. Cefn-cerig Road near Cefn-cerig Farm, , is the location of the GSSP which marks the boundary between the and stages of the period on the. Similarly Trefawr Track, a forestry road north of Cwm-coed-aeron Farm, Llandovery, is the location of the GSSP marking the boundary between the and stages. Both GSSPs were ratified in 1984. Late rocks are widespread on , and with other, more restricted occurrences in north , and. The on the English border comprises volcanic rocks around 700 million years old which puts them within the period. Cambrian Rocks of age occur most extensively in an in where the rocks of the form the. The comprises , and forms the eroded core of the dome and within this sequence it is specifically the greywackes of the 'Rhinog Formation' which provides the higher hills. Cambrian rocks are also to be found in north Pembrokeshire, and. Ordovician The period gave rise to a sequence of sedimentary rocks which stretch from Pembrokeshire eastwards through Carmarthenshire up the and which are intricately intermixed with those of the succeeding period northwards to the. In Snowdonia many Ordovician give rise to a more rugged landscape than elsewhere in the country. Snowdon itself is largely formed of volcanic ash with some sedimentary rock and igneous folded into a syncline. The Ordovician rocks of Wales are typically intensely faulted and folded, having been affected by the earth movements of the. A notable feature of the system is a major known as the Welsh geosyncline. Much of central Wales is formed in Silurian sandstones and mudstones as is the more gentle landscape of central where the gives rise to the. In the north it is the age mudstones and sandstones of the Elwy and Nantglyn Formations which form the , and the Nantglyn Flags and Denbigh Grits which form the , and the around. In west Wales, parts of south and central around and and between and are formed by aged mudstones, sandstones and conglomerates. The Caledonian orogeny A long and complex series of known collectively as the began in the Ordovician and continued through the Silurian into Devonian times. The effect in this area was to cause folding and faulting of the existing rock sequence, most particularly within the , a process which intensified northwards. Parts of the sequence were subjected to low grade , the most significant of which, from an economic point of view, would be the Cambrian and Ordovician slates of North Wales. The northeast to southwest 'grain' of much of the country was imparted at this time with a series of major fault zones persisting from that time to the present, some of which, particularly in the northwest, are believed to represent terrane boundaries. The deposits of the succeeding Devonian period represent in large part the rapid attrition of the extensive Caledonian Mountain belt created by the Caledonian collision. The which stretches from the border with England westwards through the into Pembrokeshire includes the larger part of this sequence. It is the sandstones and mudstones of the Lower Devonian and , sometimes capped by the hard wearing sandstones of the which form such striking peaks as and and the dramatic scarps of the and. There are restricted occurrences of Devonian rocks on too. Carboniferous The period is represented by extensive outcrops across South Wales from the in the east, through the , the and westwards to southern. There are less extensive areas in northeast Wales and along the north coast into where similarly aged rocks characterize the landscape. Limestone Though mid Wales lay during Carboniferous times, shallow tropical seas extended across much of north and south Wales and it was in these environments that a succession of types of limestone were deposited. The limestone gives rise to impressive cliffed landscapes both on the coast as at the in the north and at and the in the south, and inland at the escarpments of near and hillside in the. Coal Measures Landscapes developed over Coal Measures rocks are extensively altered by man, as the coal and iron found within this thick sequence of rocks have long been economically important, particularly since the. The former of , and are witness to this period. In , the Coal Measures are overlain by the thick sandstones of the which often provides craggy edges to the plateau which has been deeply dissected to form the. The Pennant Sandstone is widely used as a building stone. A major geological feature of the Upper Carboniferous sub-period in South Wales is the. The rocks comprising this important area were laid down during the Westphalian Geological Series or approximately 314-308 million years ago Ma , when climatic conditions were equatorial. This Westphalian succession includes a sequence with a thickness of more than 1800 m in the west. The Coal Measures were laid down on a low-lying waterlogged plain with peat mires immediately south of an ancient geological feature known as the. The Variscan Orogeny From late Carboniferous times, through the Permian, South Wales lay on the northern margin of the , an area affected by a complex continental collision taking place to the south. The most intensely affected rocks are those of south and central Pembrokeshire where steeply dipping and vertical strata are commonplace and multiple folding, faulting and are well seen in coastal sections. Southern Carmarthenshire and the western part of the South Wales Coalfield was affected to a lesser extent. Old weaknesses such as the were reactivated at this time. Permian Rocks dating from the period occur in North Wales underlying the and extend into the northeastern fringes of the country from the larger bodies of such rock in Cheshire and Shropshire. The Permo-Triassic rocks in the northeast of Wales are largely concealed by recent material deposited by rivers and the icesheet. Thicker sequences of Permo-Triassic rock are known to underlie the Bristol Channel, Cardigan Bay and the Irish Sea off the North Wales coast. Triassic sandstones form much of the coast between and and extend eastwards along the Monmouthshire coast to the English border at. They also occur more sporadically further west between and. There are very localized occurrences of Triassic material in Gower and south Pembrokeshire, much of it -fill of fissures in underlying Carboniferous Limestone. Triassic sandstones are also found along the border with and , though most often concealed beneath recent fluvial and glacially derived material. Jurassic Layers of rocks at Rhoose Point, Vale of Glamorgan Rocks dating from the period occur widely across the. Much of the Glamorgan coast between and is formed by cliffs of layered Jurassic limestone known as the. Extensive and spectacular have been developed e. Cretaceous There are no rocks of age in Wales but they are known to be present within the sub-sea basins off the Welsh coast e. Palaeogene and Neogene There is scant evidence for rocks of the and periods in Wales though they are known to occur offshore. The exceptions are the sequence revealed in the borehole on the coastal strip south of and the 'pocket deposits' where sediments fill depressions in the Carboniferous Limestone in northeast Wales. In the south, poorly sands occur sporadically in the central and western part of the Brecon Beacons National park; these are thought to be a product of the weathering of the underlying Twrch Sandstone. The landscape of Wales has assumed its present shape over the last 2. Icesheets and valley glaciers which developed during a series of ice ages have significantly altered a landscape which had developed as rivers drained a tilted upland surface which is thought to have emerged from beneath the sea during earlier Cainozoic times. Glacial legacy The effects of the last ice age are the most readily understood. An icesheet which at its maximum extent covered virtually all of Wales and reached as far south as Cardiff, Bridgend and Gower left in its wake suites of both erosional and depositional landforms. The of Snowdonia and to a lesser extent of the Cambrian Mountains and the Brecon Beacons are well known. Many pre-existing valleys were further deepened by glacial ice. Cirque in the mountains and and in the major valleys are the most striking depositional legacy of the glaciation. Three substantial median moraines extend beneath the waters of , parts being exposed at low as , and. There are too, swarms of and a widespread plastering of elsewhere. The greatest concentration of drumlins is in though there are also distinct areas around the. Coastal deposits Following the end of the last ice age, sea levels rose to roughly their current levels by around 6000 years ago. Forests which had become established at or below this level were destroyed though the preserved stumps of trees in growth position can still be seen in the intertidal zone in places, as can the remains of peat desposits which again had originally formed above the high-water mark. Redistribution of glacial and fluvial sands has given rise to extensive dune systems around the Welsh coast, notably at on Anglesey, and in and at and in Carmarthenshire and at and in. Karstic landforms Within the limestone areas of Wales, there have arisen landscapes during the postglacial period, though elements of these were initiated during and even before successive ice ages. Cave development is extensive and includes systems such as Britain's deepest cave , partly showcave and Wales' most extensive system. Main article: Man has mined metals and metal ores in Wales for millennia. There are workings on the near and at on Anglesey. Lead and zinc were intensively mined in the area of mid Wales and a lead mine operated at near Wrexham from the until the early twentieth century. In the was opened near in. Slate Main article: The abundance of hard rock in Wales means that it has found use in building since the earliest times. The 'bluestones' of Ordovician which form the lintels of were sourced in the of Pembrokeshire around 2500 BC. Wales' many fine cathedrals, abbeys and castles have used a variety of stones in their construction; Caerbwdi Sandstone in , Old Red Sandstone at and , 'Blue Pennant' sandstone in and Sudbrook Sandstone at to name but a few. Triassic rocks provided the Radyr stone and also the Quarella stone which was worked at. The micaceous sandstones of Carmarthenshire's Tilestones Formation were formerly worked to provide roofing material, as were similar flaggy sandstones elsewhere, at least until the burgeoning of the North Wales slate industry in the nineteenth century. Limestone Limestone has been worked on a small scale for burning in limekilns over many centuries. In more recent times it has been quarried for use as aggregate, as a flux for the steel industry and as a feed for the chemical industry. Coal The working of coal in Wales' various coalfields began in earnest with the initiation of the. Easily the most significant is the though the contiguous and were of importance to the economy of northeast Wales. A rather smaller coalfield was worked in and a tiny one in. Sand and gravel Deposits of glacial and fluvial sands and gravels have been and continue to be worked in numerous areas, principally for the construction industry. Wales is not a particularly seismically active country, nevertheless of lesser magnitude occur from time to time. Ground stability is more of an issue due both to natural causes and, in former areas of coal and other mineral exploitation, due to mining, surface excavation and spoil deposition. Deep-mining of coal in particular has led to reactivation of pre-existing landslips, notably in the steeply-sided valleys of the South Wales Coalfield. Inappropriate placing of spoil material on such slopes has both overloaded them and disturbed drainage patterns with occasional catastrophic effect as in the of 1966. An extensive programme of stabilisation works across the coalfield followed that event. The contamination of land, and watercourses is a risk in areas where mineral exploitation has taken place, notably in the central Wales orefield and in former coal mining districts. Numerous sites have been identified as important localities within the and afforded protection as geological. See for complete list of both biological and geological SSSIs in Wales - some sites are protected in respect of both types of interest. In addition, two extensive areas are designated as ; the entire island of as '' in the north and within the in the south. The Geoparks have a range of roles; conservation and a promotion of the two areas' geological heritage are important ones. These objectives are partly achieved through educational and interpretive programmes. Local authorities and other agencies in the public sector continue to be involved in the acquisition of significant earth heritage sites, their conservation and interpretation. Charities such as Wales' wildlife trusts also have a similar role. Archived from on 2013-02-10. Archived from on 2006-06-18. Archived from on 2006-06-18.
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